Periodic boundary conditions lead to a restriction of the possible k values of atomic vibrational states. consider a linear chain of copper atoms. the length of the chain is 1 cm, the lattice spacing is 0.36 nm and the force constant 50 nm calculate the smallest possible finite wave number k. what would be the vibrational angular frequency for this wave number? demonstrate that there is a standing wave at the brillouin zone boundary for the case of waves on such a row of masses. note the dispersion relation for a 1-dimensional chain is given by 141 13] 13] 4,01 . ka where co is the vibrational angular frequency, β is the force constant, a is the lattice spacing, m is the mass of a copper atom and k is the wave number. the atomic mass of copper 63.55 amu).

answer: the correct answer is 1.

explanation: there are various process in which a radioactive nuclei decays:

1) alpha decay: in this process, a heavier nuclei decays into lighter nuclei by releasing alpha particle. the mass number is reduced by 4 units.

2) electron capture: in this decay process, a parent nuclei absorbs an electron and gets converted into a neutron. simply, a proton and an electron combines together to form a neutron. mass number does not change in this process.

3) gamma ray emission: it is a decay process in which an unstable nuclei gives excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process. this decay releases . this process does not change the mass number.

4) positron emission: it is a type of decay process, in which a proton gets converted to neutron and an electron neutrino. this is also known as -decay. in this the mass number remains same.

from the above information, we see that only alpha-decay is producing a change in the mass number of the nucleus.

in physics zero. in muscle fatigue could be high

do you have a formula possibly