What does Caliph mean?

Read case #5 - "targeting target" (on pages 77-78 of your textbook), then answer the following questions: do you think it was ethical for authorities to use one of the high-ranking members to trap other gang members? why or why not? how would you approach the target situation? use the internet to research and find the best practices to protect from identity theft.

How we perceive, use, study, structure, interpret, and react to messages of time is referred to as: ?

What was different about warfare in the early 1800s and early 1900s?