As explained in the chapter's "continuity and change" section, why was marie-louise-elisabeth vigée-lebrun's marie-antionette en chemise rejected by the salon of 1783?

Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun’s Marie-Antionette en chemise painting was rejected by the Salon of 1783 because the Salon visitors thought that the queen of France, Marie-Antionette, was painted wearing underpants which made her look immodest, and unlike other respected queens of her time; the nature of the painting stirred up dissent, and people requested that it be taken away from public view.

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the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.