"sue is in biology class. her professor explains a theory that she does not understand. the professor asks if there are any questions, and no one raises their hand. sue is reluctant to raise her hand because she feels uncomfortable. this is an example of the"

This is an example of the "social construction of reality".

Social constructionism or the social construction of reality is a hypothesis of learning in human science and correspondence hypothesis that looks at the advancement of together built understandings of the world that shape the reason for shared assumptions about the real world. Like in the n case although Sue did not understand the theory but was reluctant to ask as nobody asked any question.

fertile good for trade etc

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.