How do solar systems, galaxies, and the universe show different frames of reference about space?

Unpolarized light of intensity so passes through two sheets of polarizing material whose transmission axes make an angle of 60∘ with each other as shown in the figure. what is the intensity of the transmitted beam, st?

Unpolarized light whose intensity is 1.19 w/ is incident on a polarizer. (a) what is the intensity of the light leaving the polarizer? (b) if the analyzer is set at an angle of = 41.0∘ with respect to the polarizer, what is the intensity of the light that reaches the photocell?

Oxygen and hydrogen gas are at the same temperature t. what is the ratio of kinetic energies of oxygen molecule and hydrogen molecule if oxygen is 16 times heavier than hydrogen.