Where were the materials used to build the central pacific railroad were shipped to?

The Central Pacific began laying track eastward from Sacramento, California, in 1863, and the Union Pacific started westward from Omaha, Nebraska, two years later.

As the Central Pacific began at Sacramento and built eastward, all supplies other than those obtained from California or from along the road had to be brought from the eastern states.

The usual route from Atlantic ports was around Cape Horn, a distance of 18,000 miles, which took a sailing ship some four months in passage. Some freight, mainly locomotives and rail, was sent across the Isthmus of Panama, but this route, while shorter in distance and time, was extremely costly, owing to high freight rates.

Mr. Clement stated that shipping rail by way of the Isthmus in 1868 cost $51.97 per ton, making the cost of rail delivered at Sacramento $143.67, which did not include transfer charges to lighters at San Francisco or transportation up the Sacramento River. The corresponding Isthmus freight on one locomotive was $8,100, and the average freight cost for eighteen locomotives was $4,692.50 each. Freight charges on the first locomotive sent by way of Cape Horn was $2,282.25. Much of the high freight cost was due to high war-risk insurance during the period of the Civil War.

When material reached San Francisco, it was loaded on river steamers or barges and carried up San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River, 130 miles to Sacramento. In flood seasons the river furnished a reliable means of transportation, but at low water, even with the help of the tides, the passage was difficult. Thus all equipment for building and operating the Central Pacific had to be shipped from eastern mills to Atlantic ports, loaded on vessels, taken on a long sea voyage by way of Cape Horn, or across the Isthmus, to San Francisco, there to be transferred again to river craft and by way of the bay and river carried to its destination. There it was again loaded on cars and forwarded to the place of use at the end of track.

1.which of the following was the significance of the emergence of a vernacular language in medieval europe?

answer: it suggested a new interest in ordinary people

2.which of the following was a central idea in thomas aquinas's suma theologica?

answer: faith and reason don't contradict each other

3.which of the following did gothic architecture reflect about the late middle ages?

answer: the church had great wealth and authority

4.what examples of gothic architecture survive today?

answer: abbeys, cathedrals, universities

5.how did the byzantines most directly impact later civilizations?

answer: by preserving ancienct sources of knowledge and information

6.which of the following was the impact on europe of the disease described?

answer : 1/3 of the population of europe died, production declined, and cost of labor soared

7.which pair of answers best completes the top and middle arrows in the chart?

answer: the bubonic plague severly reduced the population of europe; higher demand for labor increased wages and prices leading to a market economy

8.which order of contacts most likely traces the spread of the bubonic plague to medieval europe?

answer: conquering mongol armies in asia, rats in chinese cities, fleas with travelers to the middle east and europe

9.if you wrote an essay about medieval europe, in a paragraph about which topic would you most likely refer to avignon?

answer: papal rivalry

10.how did the second great schism lead to the end of medieval europe?

answer: it caused people to question the authority of the church

11.which pull factors attracted european jews to eastern europe during the late middle ages?

answer: jews were attracted to eastern europe because they could practice judaism there without persecution

12. why did the speaker call moscow the "third rome"?

answer: moscow was the center of expanding political power

13.which statement best summarizes the effect of geography on eastern europe?

answer: different parts of the region were most influenced by cultures that had easiest access to them

14.how did eastern europe become home to so many ethnic groups?

answer: its geography and location facilitated migration

15.what are two factors that probably isolate russia from western europe?

answer: the cyrillic alphabet and olga's selection of the byzantine church

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