In the day ahead market for May 4th, 10-11 am: the clearing price is $28.75/MWh. In the real time market for May 4th, 10-11 am: the clearing price is $34.28/MWh. Suppose at May 4th, 10-11 am, the demand of City M is 34,900 MW and the wind power generation of ABC generation company is 5,000 MW, Note:
Tose electricity to the real time market, the price is (real time clearing price) 0.9
To purchase electricity from the real time market, the price is (real time clearing price) *1.1
Part A ) ABC generation company owns a natural gas power plant and wind power plant. The capacity of the natural gas power plant is 40,000MW. The cost of wind power generation is $4/MWh and the cost of natural gas generation is $15/MWh. ABC generation company provides ts bid at S25/MWh for both wind power 7,000MW and natural gas 33,000MW in the day-ahead market.
1. At what price will this generation company sell its energy?
2. How much amount of natural gas energy this generation company will provide on May 4th from 10:00am to 11:00am.
3. What is the total profit for this generation company?
Part B ) A utility company provides its bid at $30/MWh for purchasing 30,000MW in the day ahead market. It sells the energy to their customers at the flat rate 11.5 cents/ KWh. This utility company covers 90% of the demand in the city M
1. How much amount of energy this company needs to buy or sell in the real-time market?
2. What is the total profit for this utility company?

Infrared sensor is most used sensor in wireless technology where remote controlling functions and detection of surrounding objects/ obstacles are involved. this post will discuss about what is infrared sensor, its working principle, how it works, types, applications, advantages and disadvantages. what is infrared sensor

ir sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects ir radiation in order to find out certain objects/obstacles in its range. some of its features are heat and motion sensing.

ir sensors use infrared radiation of wavelength between 0.75 to 1000µm which falls between visible and microwave regions of electromagnetic spectrum. ir region is not visible to human eyes. infrared spectrum is categorized into three regions based on its wavelength i.e. near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared.

wavelength regions of infrared spectrum

near ir – 0.75µm to 3 µm
mid ir – 3 µm to 6 µm
far ir – > 6 µm
1 introduction to infrared sensor

fig. 1 – introduction to infrared sensor

working principle of infrared sensor

infrared sensors works on three fundamental physics laws:

planck’s radiation law: any object whose temperature is not equal to absolute zero (0 kelvin) emits radiation.
stephan boltzmann law: the total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute temperature.
wein’s displacement law: objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths that is inversely proportional to temperature.
key elements of infrared detection system

the key elements of infrared detection system are:

ir transmitter

ir transmitter acts as source for ir radiation. according to plank’s radiation law, every object is a source of ir radiation at temp t above 0 kelvin. in most cases black body radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, infrared lasers, leds of infrared wavelength are used as sources.

transmission medium

as the name suggests, transmission medium provides passage for the radiation to reach from ir transmitter to ir receiver. vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers are used as medium.

ir receiver

generally ir receivers are photo diode and photo transistors. they are capable of detecting infrared radiation. hence ir receiver is also called as ir detector. variety of receivers are available based on wavelength, voltage and package.

ir transmitter and receivers are selected with matching parameters. some of deciding specifications of receivers are photosensitivity or responsivity, noise equivalent power and detectivity.