Water exists as a simple molecule. Describe the bonding present in water and how the electrons are involved in these bonds.

The *intramolecular* bonding between the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms are called Covalent Bonds.

Covalent bonds are strong electrostatic attractions between 2 positively charged nuclei and a shared pair of electrons.

The *intermolecular bonding* of water molecules is called hydrogen bonding as well as instantaneous - induced dipole interaction.

Instantaneous-induced dipoles is where 2 water molecules interact. The results in negative electron clouds repelling each other resulting in a region of positive charge - the molecules are said to have an induced positive charge.

This water molecule with an induced positive charge then attracts electrons from a neighbouring water molecules - resulting in an instantaneous negative dipole.

These dipoles are fleeting/temporary and are the weakest intermolecular bonds.

Hydrogen bonding is a result of the 2 line pair of electrons in Oxygen atom of the water moelcule. These electrons are attracted to extremely electronegative (electronegativity :ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons) elements such as Oxygen from a neighbouring water molecule resulting in what is known as hydrogen bonding,

answer: - 3.) the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

solution: - as per the rules, oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is -2. the sum of oxidation numbers of all the elements of a molecule or compound is zero.

also, the oxidation number in elemental form is zero.

in no, the oxidation number of o is -2 so the oxidation number of n is +2 so that the sum is zero.

similarly, the oxidation number of c in co is +2 and o is -2.

on product side the oxidation number of n is 0 as it is in the elemental form() .

oxidation number of c in carbon dioxide is +4 as there are two oxygen in it and we know that each oxygen is -2.

so, oxidation number of n is changing from +2 to 0 and the oxidation number of c is changing from +2 to +4.

since nitrogen is reduced and hence no is acting as an oxidizing agent. carbon is oxidized and so co is acting as a reducing agent.

so, the right choice is number 3.)the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.