Determine the concentrations of na2co3, na+, and co32− in a solution prepared by dissolving 1.99 × 10−4 g na2co3 in 2.50 l of water. express all three concentrations in molarity. additionally, express the concentrations of the ionic species in parts per million (ppm). note: determine the formal concentration of co32−. ignore any reactions with water

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definition

                    entropy is a measure of the randomness or the extent of disorder of a chemical process.

                      enthalpy is a measure of the heat change of a reaction occurring at a constant pressure.

measurement units:

                        entropy is measured in joule per kelvin (jk⁻¹)   whereas enthalpy is measured in joule per mole (jmol⁻¹)

requirements:

                            entropy has no requirements or limits, and its change is measured by the division between the heat change of the chemical process and the temperature.

                              in contrast, enthalpy can only be related to the heat change of the reaction under standard conditions.