How an immune response stars after a macrophage attacks a pathogen

After the macrophage fails the Helper T Cell stimulates the B cells (create antibodies) if pathogen is extracellular and Cytotoxic T Cells (killer T cells, release perforin) if pathogen is intracellular. Once the pathogen is killed the B Cells create Memory B Cells and the Killer T Cells create memory T Cells. 
Hope that's helpful.

The answer would be simply interphase and mitosis

I’m not really sure