What are some possible short and long-term medical concerns for crewmembers on longer space exploration ships

Human travel to Mars and beyond is no longer science fiction.

Through shuttle research we know how the body changes, what we

need to do to fix some of the problems or—better yet—prevent them,

the importance of monitoring health, and how to determine the

human body’s performance through the various sequences of launch,

spaceflight, and landing. Basically, we understand how astronauts

keep their performance high so they can be explorers, scientists,

and operators.

Astronauts change physically during spaceflight, from their brain,

heart, blood vessels, eyes, and ears and on down to their cells.

Many types of research studies validated these changes and

demonstrated how best to prevent health problems and care for the

astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight.

During a shuttle flight, astronauts experienced a multitude of

gravitational forces. Earth is 1 gravitational force (1g); however,

during launch, the forces varied from 1 to 3g. During a shuttle’s

return to Earth, the forces varied from nearly zero to 1.6g, over

approximately 33 minutes, during the maneuvers to return. In all,

the shuttle provided rather low gravitational forces compared with

other rocket-type launches and landings.

The most pervasive physiological human factor in all spaceflight,

however, is microgravity. An astronaut perceives weightlessness and

floats along with any object, large or small. The microgravity

physiological changes affect the human body, the functions within the

space vehicle, and all the fluids, foods, water, and contaminants.

We learned how to perform well in this environment through the

Space Shuttle Program. This information led to improvements in

astronauts’ health care not only during shuttle flights but also for the

International Space Station (ISS) and future missions beyond

low-Earth orbit. Shuttle research and medical care led directly to

improved countermeasures used by ISS crew members. No shuttle

mission was terminated due to health concerns.

Explanation:

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the relative atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of that element, relative to 1/12th of the mass of a  1212c atom. to convert to an absolute mass in kg, it is necessary to multiply by  1.661×10−271.661×10−27.

the relative atomic mass is roughly equal to the number of neutrons, plus the number of protons, in the nucleus of the atom.

for elements with more than one stable isotope (different types of nucleus with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons), the quoted mass is usually the average mass, weighted by the relative abundance of the different isotopes.