How does fish in the past relate to environmental science

Fish populations are of immense global value, shaping ecosystem services for billions of people worldwide (Holmlund & Hammer, 1999; Worm et al., 2006; Cooke et al., 2016). However, our planet is currently facing unprecedented environmental and societal changes that are having dramatic effects on fish and fisheries (Arthington et al., 2016; Waters et al., 2016). Understanding the probable scope of these changes is crucial in allowing us to develop mitigation strategies, manage fish populations, and minimize negative effects for those who rely on them. Moreover, the pivotal position of fishes in aquatic ecosystems renders them important indicators of environmental health (Graham et al., 2015; Lynch et al., 2016). Effective assessment and proactive management at the ecosystem level has the potential to considerably improve the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to global change, preventing potentially disastrous declines in fish populations (McCauley et al., 2015; Scheffer et al., 2015). The success of such management relies on the ability to identify current and future threats to fishes and using past successes to develop effective tools for future mitigation strategies.

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b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere   is the answer most likely