What is the difference between borrowed words and cognates

 A borrowed word is one taken over directly from another language. Cognates are words with common roots in an earlier parent language with certain idiomatic changes. They can also occur several times in the same language: "shirt" and "skirt" are derived from the same word ultimately borrowed from Old Norse: "skyrta". 

"Kindergarten" is a direct borrowing from German and means the same thing on both sides of the Atlantic. 

"Der Container" in German is not just anything that contains something else, but one of those giant trash things you see on building sites or a shipping container that doubles as a boxcar. The word is international and shorter than, say, "Großraumbehälter." 

By contrast: 

"deer" is cognate with German "Tier", though a "Tier" is any animal, "Tiergarten" = zoo. 
"house" is German "Haus", Dutch "huis", Norwegian/Swedish/Danish "hus", all meaning, surprise, surprise, "house." 

None of these words were borrowed from another language, but descended independently from Proto-Germanic.

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