18. which theorist was generally optimistic about urban life? a. simmel b. wirth c. gans d. berger

a. "Simmel".

Explanation:

Simmel was the identity of the earliest ages of German sociologists: his neo-Kantian way put the organizations for sociological anti-positivism, questioning 'What is a community?' in a straightforward reference to Kant's question 'What is creation? introducing pioneering judgments of cultural uniqueness and fragmentation. For Simmel, culture pointed to "the culture of people through the means of outside forms which have been actualized in the way of antiquity". Simmel addressed social and artistic phenomena in words of "forms" and "contents" with a temporary connection; form maturing content, and vice versa, subordinate on the circumstances. In this thought, he was a messenger to structuralist techniques of thought in the social sciences. With his appearance on the metropolis, Simmel was an ancestor of urban sociology, illustrative interaction-ism, and social channels review.

d. the polar jet stream   lies between the polar easterlies and trade winds should be your answer

muslims have taken his goods and products to different parts of asia an indonesia. sometimes just traveled and trade, but in other occasions, stayed in the place and made a living.

trade was the key for muslims economies to prosper. their commerce routes reached far places like malaysia and java in the 11th century.

another important factor for prosperity was that muslim states served as the middle point for european traders.

they used to travel by land but sailing the seas -the indian ocean- really increase the exportation of products.