How do american elections and those in parliamentary systems differ? list the ways in which presidential and congressional campaigns differ list the strategic decisions that a presidential candidate must make and make sure that you understand each one. then, list the key steps in running for president. what are the differences between running in the primaries and the general campaign? give examples. define closed, open, and blanket primaries. what does the term "coattails refer to? define frontloading in reference to primary elections what has been the effect of tv on campaigns? list as many effects as you can. what does the book say are the three factors that determine peacetime presidential elections? which group normally decides elections? how do the economy and character affect elections? what factors does the book list that people think have an impact on elections, but really don't? what does the book say about the effect of money in presidential elections vs. congressional elections? explain the connection between elections and incumbency. what are the three reasons that the book gives for why party identification doesn't determine who wins elections? what are the differences between retrospective and prospective voting and what effect does such voting have on elections? how can campaigns make a difference in elections? make sure that you still know which demographic groups make up the coalitions for both parties and which of those groups are the most loyal to their respective parties. make sure that you still know what a party realignment is and how the elections of 1896 and 1932 qualify as alignments. why do elections have so little impact on public policy?