Justin is cared for by his grandmother while his mother is away at work. justin is an active and imaginative kid who sometimes pretends he is superman and tries to get his grandmother to play along. other times he makes up games with rules and asks his grandmother to join in. she is often put off by these behaviors and tells him to go sit down quietly and read a book. according to the psychosocial stages of development, justin will likely develop a

sense of guilt about initiating the new activities.

Explanation:

According to the theory of psychosocial stages of development, every child comes to a time when his curiosity makes him try new activities. It is important for people to encourage children in their new activities so that this child develops well and does not become a repressed adult. This is because, at the Initiative x Guilt stage, new activities that children develop should be encouraged, otherwise children will feel repressed and develop a sense of guilt for starting new activities.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

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