Groupthink occurs in a. standing committees whose members are under no pressure to agree b. highly cohesive groups where there is a great deal of pressure to agree with each other c. groups in which members have dissimilar backgrounds d. newly formed groups whose members were arbitrarily selected and who are assigned to make programmed decisions e. groups whose members are elected to serve as figureheads

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

in an absolute  monarchy, the  monarchrules as an autocrat, with absolutepower  over the state and government — for example, the right to rule by decree, promulgate laws, and impose punishments. the  monarch isnominally sovereign but the electorate, through their legislature, exercise political sovereignty.