Joe was hiking, and a rattlesnake in the path surprised him. his nervous system was put into action as his heart accelerated, sweating increased, and pupils dilated.

The sympathetic nervous system was put into action. This system  prepares us for action . This is the system that mediates the hormonal stress response. The fighting and flight behaviors are mediated by the sympathetic system. It increases the frequency of heart beats, dilates the bronchi and pupils. Stimulates the adrenal glands The excessive sweating or hyperhidrosis hands, arms or face is associated with a hyper stimulation of the sympathetic system.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)