Is the most rigorous test to which a legal classification can be put, and any law subjected to this level of scrutiny is unlikely to be found constitutional.

Strict scrutiny. (APEX)

Strict Scrutiny

Explanation:

imagine me knowing the answer

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.