In operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

The answer is Negative reinforcement
Example of negative reinforcement is a mother that spanked her children if she knew that the children is skipping classes.
The spanking in this situation act as negative reinforcement that associate the act of skipping class with the feeling of pain, which will make the children more likely to stop the wrong behavior.

The answer is c. religion

It allowed for things to be produced much more quickly and efficiently