bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior. they are, in order, a. uncertainty, desire, connection, and resolution b. significance, immediacy, consistency, and reinforcement c. attraction, distinction, repetition, and meaning d. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.