When will canadians vote for a new parliament

The next election for Canadian House of commons will take place in 2015, October 19.

The Senate is modeled after the House of lords, and is chosen by appointment, not election.

Advances in learning and technology made long ocean voyages possible

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.