Brandon's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. when brandon tells his wife, she angrily responds "i could have told you that your investment plan would fail! " her comment best illustrates

This is the hindsight bias at work. People will tend to be more sure of their decisions after the fact, whether positive or negative. This is done even though there may have been no rational basis to know how the event was going to turn out before it occurred.

B) hypothesis. its guessing and your guess could be changed quickly based on the information.