Stigmatizing shaming is: a. no longer practiced in the industrialized world. b. the effect of certain punishments whereby the offender feels rejected by the community. c. partly accomplished by exiling the individual. d. the idea that certain types of punishment can reduce recidivism as long as they do not involve banishment.

Fictional characters behave according to the same psychological probabilities as real people. but the characters of fiction are found in exotic dilemmas that real people hardly encounter. consequently, fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles, and philosophical insights from their behavior.