Which last name is shared by multiple presidents that are not related? adams

it's

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.