What are the reasons for the rapid growth of remittance income in Nepal?​

Explanation:

Nepal is one of the least developed but high remittances recipient countries in the world. Nepal received remittance from US$ 8.1 billion in 2016 and it is ranked 23 among the remittance receiving countries in the world. Remittance income is one of the major sources of capital formation in the context of Nepal. It is directly related with the labour migration in a country which in return enhances foreign employment. Remittances have become a major contributing factor to increasing household income as well as country's GDP. About 30 percent of Nepal's GDP comes in the form of remittance money which is sent home by Nepalese working abroad and it helps to reduce country's poverty rate. Poverty reduction took place in Nepal from 42 percent (1995/96) to 25.2 percent (2010/11). Nepal's remittance recipients reached 31.5 percent GDP in 2015. The total amount of remittance in the country is 259 billion and among which 20 percent is internal sources. 11 percent from India and 69 percent from Gulf countries. Remittance received by the householdsis mainly used for daily consumption (79 percent) and remaining other purposes. Moreover, Nepal's economical statusmostly depends on remittance receivedwhich is therefore migration driven economy.

Keywords: Remittance, Migration, Labour, Development, Income and Employment

Introduction

Remittance is an important factor of economic development in Nepal. Remittance has emerged as a backbone of Nepal's economy in the last two decades. Nepal is one of the poor and least developed countries in the world. Agriculture is the main occupation of the economy, providing a livelihood for almost two thirds of the population of the country and its contribution for only one third of GDP (Economic Survey, 2073/74). Nepal is heavily dependent on remittances which values to 30 percent of GDP (Economic Survey, 2073/74). Also, Nepal is ranked number one remittance recipient country in terms of GDP in 2009 which shows Nepalese economy is highly dependent on remittance. As per the size of USS (billions), India is the top remittance recipient country where as Nepal is in the fifth position in 2010 (Table 1).

*Mr. Sah is an Associate Professor of Economics, Patan Multiple Campus. (TU), Patan Dhoka.

* Migration process in the home country and doesn't end in destination countries. Labourers have complained of getting cheated by agents.

Reluctant to work without work permit.

No recreational facilities. Exploitation and deprivation from basic facilities like medical servicesand

insurances.

→ Exploitations begin even before their departure by recruitment agencies and their sub

agents called "dalals".

Losing educated young people into workers everyday.

* Family relations, remittances have effect on the spouse and other family members of

the migrant. * In few cases, women workers are more vulnerable to exploitation by employers. Abuse and sexual harassment of many women migrants working as domestic

helpers.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.