Howard was raised in extreme poverty and for a time his family lived in a car. When they did find a place, it was a very dangerous area, and he was a victim of violent crimes. Tobias was raised in a loving family in which he was not exposed to situations that produced a great deal of stress. According to Michael Meaney's research cited in the text, Howard is likely to have a decrease in the neurotransmitter in the hippocampus and an increase in DNA methylation of the , compared with Tobias. This will make it more difficult for him to handle stressful situations.

serotonin; glucocorticoid receptor gene

Explanation:

Neurotransmitter serotonin, also known as serotonin is used in the body to send messages between nerve cells. It affects the human mood, appetite, and digestion, it also helps regular sleeping cycles in the body.

Glucocorticoid receptor gene is a receptor which binds the cortisol and other glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoid receptor gene regulates development of metabolism and immune system.

Howard's growing up condition would make him have decrease in Neurotransmitter serotonin(making him lacking appetite and moody most times) and an increase in Glucocorticoid receptor gene(having a dysfunctional growth pattern).

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