Informal communication consists of all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. the grapevine. b. emergent networks. c. natural social interactions. d. downward communication.

downward communication

Explanation:

Informal Communication refers to the unofficial and casual form of communication where there's exchange of information between people without conforming the chain of command.

It is regarded as the casual communication that takes place between the coworkers in the workplace. Informal communication include the grapevine, emergent networks and natural social interactions.

It should be noted that downward communication isn't an informal communication. Downward communication involves the flow of information in an organization from the higher level to the lower level. It's a formal communication.

"choosing is refusing" means individuals face an opportunity cost with each decision they make. economists state that every decision involves trade-offs. opportunity cost is the least desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision.

answer; deviation iq; //(a)