It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave
the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that
this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom
– and that government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth.
- Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, 1863
How does Lincoln inspire the audience to feel a sense of hope about the
future in this passage?

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.

many citizens are in danger of contracting a food-borne illness.

more people are living with chronic illnesses.

pathogens are becoming stronger and harder to defeat.

edge nuity