Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash. One day, Irinia is cleaning out her garage and pulls some old bungee cords out of a box. Her dog begins to jump around and wag his tail the same way he does when he thinks they are going for a walk. The dog has the stimulus of the leash to the bungee cords.

Conditioned

Explanation:

The conditioned stimulus can be defined as a substitute stimulus that produces the same response in living beings. Conditioned Stimulus is a part of Classical Conditioning, in which classical response is attained when conditioned stimulus combines with an unconditioned stimulus.

In the given case, Irinia's picking up the leash has become a conditioned stimulus for her dog; indicating to go for a walk. So, when Irinia picked up a bungee cord, her dog responded because he is conditioned to respond to Irinia's picking up the cord.

Therefore, a conditioned stimulus is the correct answer.

answer; i believe the correct answer is (4) flip a coin as each participant arrives,heads indicates assignment to the first group: tails indicates assignment to the second group;