On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mutola looks back over the second exam and begins to wonder if it was just an easier exam. Which threat to internal validity is she considering

instrumentation

Explanation:

Internal Validity

this is the rate of knowing or certainty that a change in the dependent variable (DV) happens or occur due to manipulations. It is the rate at which an experiment is free from extraneous variables.

There are different threats to internal validity. They includes;

1. Maturation

2. History

3. Regression

4. Attrition

5. Testing

6. Instrumentation

Instrumentation threat happens due to only when the pretest and posttest are not sufficiently equivalent. That is simply when the instrument usually called the observers that was used on the posttest and pretest is not the same (differ). This method is what researchers use to test changes over time.

it should be d or b but i'm sure it's d

answer; social facts;