1-Ming Dynasty was the penultimate Chinese dynasty, which ruled between 1368 and 1644, after the fall of the Yuan Mongolian dynasty.
"The Ming is described as" one of the greatest eras of disciplined government and social stability in human history. " It was the last dynasty in China ruled by the Han ethnic group. survived until 1662 some regimes loyal to the throne Ming, commonly known as a dynasty of the Ming of the South.
"Under the Ming government, a vast fleet and a large permanent army of one million troops were built. Although commercial and diplomatic expeditions had already been carried out from China in earlier periods, the tributary fleet of Muslim eunuch Admiral Zheng He.
- during the 15th century, it surpassed all others in size. Numerous construction projects were carried out, including the Grand Canal, Great Wall, and the Forbidden City foundation in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. It is estimated that the population at the end of the reign of the Ming was between 160 and 200 million people.4
2-The Yuan Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty founded by the Mongol invaders. Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian and Turkish tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire throughout Asia. Under the reign of the third son of Genghis, Ogodei, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering the greater part of the north of China. Ă–gedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei.
- Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Chinese teachers of the Han tribe hired by his mother Sorgaqtani. He sought advice from Confucian Chinese and Confucian counselors. Möngke succeeded the son of Ögedei, Kuyuk, as Grand Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai the Mongol territories in China. It built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals and approved policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth.
- Fund the city of Kaiping, Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu, its capital.
-Möngke initiated a military campaign against the Song dynasty of the south of China. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the dynasty in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was defying his right to the throne. Kublai summoned a kurultai in the Chinese city of Kaiping that it chose Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed to Ariq Böke Gran Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai Khan depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources.
- He reinforced his popularity among his subjects by modeling his rule in the bureaucracy of the traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese name of Zhongtong. Ariq Böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. The other three Mongolian Xanatos recognized as Gran Khan to Kublai but were functionally autonomous. The civil struggle was finally over.
