Which theoretical school of thought focused on presenting objective descriptions of cultures within their historical and environmental context?

The answer is historical particularism. Nearly connected with Franz Boas and the Boasian way to deal with humanities, authentic particularism dismisses the social transformative model that had ruled human sciences until Boas. It contended that every general public is an aggregate portrayal of its one of a kind chronicled past.

Americans often speak of their country as one of several large regions.  these regions are cultural units rather than governmental units --  formed by history and geography and shaped by the economics, literature and folkways that all the parts of a region share. what makes one region different from another? a region's multicultural heritage as well as distinct demographic characteristics like age and occupation make regions different and special. within several regions, language is used differently and there are strong dialects. there are also differences in outlook and attitude based on geography.