Under the rule of king ferdinand and queen isabella of spain, the policy of punishment against non-christians was called the
a. reconquista
b. conversion
c. crusade
d. inquisition

d. inquisition

Explanation:

The royal Inquisition was implanted in the Crown of Castile in 1478 by the bull of Pope Sixtus IV Exigit sincerae devotionis in order to combat the Judaizing practices of the Jewish converts of Seville, one of whose condemned was called: 'Yusif Franco', case of the who later saw procedural irregularities. Unlike the medieval Inquisition, it was directly driven by the monarchy, that is, by the Catholic Monarchs. After a new bull issued in 1483, the Inquisition extended to the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon, including Sicily and Sardinia, and the territories of America (there were courts of the Inquisition in Mexico, Lima and Cartagena de Indias), and was named Inquisitor General to Tomás de Torquemada, of a family of converts, the confessor of Isabel, Espina, had been a rabbi. The Inquisition became the only institution common to all Spaniards, with the exception of the Crown itself, who served as an instrument of royal power: it was an interstate police agency, capable of acting on both sides of the borders between the crowns of Castile and Aragon, while the ordinary agents of the Crown could not exceed the jurisdictional limits of their respective kingdoms.

d

Explanation:

i took the test

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)

manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences. to analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.