Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. she associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. she also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. this scenario illustrates the learning process of

implicit learning.

operant conditioning.

observational learning.

classical conditioning.

The correct answer is D. Classical conditioning.

Explanation:

Classical conditioning means learning by association, via conditioned and unconditioned stimulus which generate a conditioned behavior.

Sarah has acquired the behavior of hating air travel and anything related to it by associating flying with physical illness.

In this case Sarah has generalized her fear not only to actually flying but to seeing or reading anything about flying and airplanes, not necessarily coming in contact with the conditioned stimulus.

This scenario illustrates the learning process of classical conditioning

Sarah has developed fear not only towards flying but to other things associated with flying because of the previously neutral stimulus.

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a conditioned stimulus is linked with unrelated conditioned stimulus towards producing a behavior response called conditioned response. Condition response refers to a response that is leaned from a previously neutral stimulus.

Classical conditioning entails creating an association within two stimuli from a previous leaned response.

However, there three major phases in the process of classical conditioning and these include

Stage 1: before conditioning

This part requires a naturally occurring stimulus that will provoke a response automatically. A perfect example is when you perceive the odor of food and you start salivating. During this phase, the unconditional stimulus will lead to an unconditional response.

Stage 2: During conditioning

During this phase, the previously neutral stimulus will be paired with an unconditional stimulus which will then form an association between a previously neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Stage 3: After conditioning

During this phase, the association between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus will present the conditioned stimulus alone that will provoke a response without the unconditioned stimulus.

LEARN MORE:

KEYWORDS:

it teaches readers about an interesting chinese custom and causes them to determine that the minister is trying to be polite

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)