Feelings of can undermine group members’ performance on iq tests.
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. gender bias
c. culture
d. stereotype vulnerability

d. stereotype vulnerability

Explanation:

Hi! The stereotypes that people drag can negatively affect their performance in IQ tests. Feeling vulnerable by some outside pattern, commonly false and non-Scientifique that make damage, in this case in the intelligence, affects the person in their performance.

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an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.