4. T/F Europe has a generally flat and open topography that has left the continent vulnerable to invasion.​

True

Explanation:

The topography of the European continent is mostly flat, especially in the Eastern part of the continent where the Northern European Plain becomes the immense Russian steppe that is only separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains.

This open topography has made the continent vulnerable to invasion until recently. This is why Huns in the Late Antiquity, and the Mongols in the Middle Ages, were able to sweep the continent coming from the same place: Mongolia.

answer: musical connotation

leonard b. meyer (1918-2007) was an american composer, author and philosopher. his work emotion and meaning in music is perhaps the first major treatise on music. it is a philosophical and psychological work, greatly influenced by koffka (one of the major proponents of gestalt psychology). his work deals with the problem of musical meaning and musical communication.