In addition to appraisals, Richard Lazarus studied the influence of preparing for emotional events. In one study, he and his colleagues found that a person’s emotional reactions to a film of a painful event was described in a matter-of-fact way. Likewise, the emotional reactions could be heightened if the experimenter emphasized the pain the viewers would experience. In light of these findings, consider the following: How could this research be used by doctors to help their patients before surgery? Or by activists to motivate people to join a cause?

b) to encourage free trade

texas governor sam houston opposed secession, but was unable to prevent it. in this speech, given prior to lincoln's election, he presents the argument that slavery would be safer within the united states than outside of it. it was a prescient argument, and one held by several other southern leaders.

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answer; negative punishment;

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.