1) In 1750, which country posed the most serious threat to the English colonies in North America? 2) Which group of people did Samuel Adams create that helped build outrage among other colonists?

3) Why did many colonists protest the Stamp Act?

4) What reason did Parliament give for raising taxes in the colonies after 1763?

5) What is one way that Britain punished Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party?

6) What did King George’s Proclamation of 1763 do in North America?

7) What immediate action did the Second Continental Congress take as a result to the fighting at Lexington and Concord?

8) What are the three main ideas in the Declaration of Independence?

9) What is the idea of natural rights?

10) According to the Declaration of Independence, the people have the right to alter or abolish a government if that government does what?

11) Which battle became a turning point of the war because it prompted the French to join the Patriots?

12) When Richard Henry Lee said he was now “convinced of the necessity of separation,” he was describing the influence of which document that we studied?

13) Thomas Paine is known for writing which document that we studied?

14) What was a major advantage of the American side in the Revolutionary War?

15) The American victory in the Revolutionary War led to what taking place around the world?

Short Answer Topic/Questions:
1) You will be given a document to read and answer the question “Did the American Revolution Accomplish its Goals?”

Causes of the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War began over the specific issue of whether the upper Ohio River valley was a part of the British Empire, and therefore open for trade and settlement by Virginians and Pennsylvanians, or part of the French Empire.

Explanation:

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.