The graph below illustrates the marginal costs and benefits of reducing emissions of benzene from year 2005 levels in a chemical factory. Currently, the firm is not reducing any emissions at all. a) Suppose that state regulators tell the firm it must reduce emissions by 20 lbs per day from zero. On the graph, illustrate the areas that show (1) the total benefits of reduction; (2) the total costs of reduction; and (3) the total net benefits of reduction. Approximately, what are these values

b) If, after achieving a 20-ton per day reduction, firms then had to increase their reduction further from 20 to 21 lbs per day, what is the approximate marginal benefit? Marginal cost? Increase in net benefit?

c) Suppose it was discovered that the benzene emissions, in addition to doing harm via air pollution to people, were also contaminating the Columbia River. How would this affect the picture and the efficient cleanup level?

Passage 2 — from catherine beecher, “treatise on the domestic economy”it appears, then, that it is in america, alone, that women are raised to equality with the other sex; and that, both in theory and practice, their interests are regarded as of equal value. they are made subordinate in station, only where a regard to their best interests demands it, while, as if in compensation for this, by custom and courtesy, they are always treated as superiors. universally in this country, through every class of society, precedence is given to woman, in all the comforts, conveniences, and courtesies, of life. in civil and political affairs, american women take no interest or concern, except so far as they sympathize with their family and personal friends; but in all cases, in which they do feel a concern, their opinions and feelings have a consideration, equal, or even superior, to that of the other sex. in matters pertaining to the education of their children, in the selection and support of a clergyman; in all benevolent enterprises, and in all questions relating to morals or manners, they have a superior influence. in such concerns, it would be impossible to carry a point, contrary to their judgment and feelings; while an enterprise, sustained by them, will seldom fail of success. if those who are bewailing themselves over the fancied wrongs and injuries of woman in this nation, could only see things as they are, they would know, that, whatever remnants of a barbarous or aristocratic age may remain in our civil institutions, in reference to the interests of women, it is only because they are ignorant of them, or do not use their influence to have them rectified; for it is very certain that there is nothing reasonable, which american women would unite in asking, that would not readily be bestowed. the preceding remarks, then, illustrate the position, that the democratic institutions of this country are in reality no other than the principles of christianity carried into operation, and that they tend to place woman in her true position in society, as having equal rights with the other sex; and that, in fact they have secured to american women a lofty and fortunate position, which, as yet, has been attained by the women of no other nation. analysis1. when beecher speaks of women’s “best interests” and their “true position in society,” what does she mean? 2. according to beecher, what trade-offs must american women make to obtain their “lofty and fortunate position” in society? in your view, is it a fair exchange? 3. according to beecher, in what realms do women naturally and legitimately exercise power? 4. on what grounds does beecher base her faith that american women can attain anything they “reasonably” ask, and how does she explain any “remnants” of bad treatment that might remain in the present?

Today, the a. caesar b. bishop c. pope d. tsar still heads the roman catholic church, which is centered on rome. there is no longer a byzantine emperor, but each country has its own a. governor b. patriarch c. prefect d. council to lead the eastern orthodox church there.

3. explain one example of how the u. s. has struggled to balance energy independence and environmentalprotection