A health psychology student wanted to know if giving an electric shock to participants each time they inhale from a cigarette will reduce how deeply they inhale. She arranges for smokers to be randomly assigned to two groups: the first group receives no shock and the second group a painful shock for each puff. Some participants quit the experiment, mostly from the painful-shock group. At the end, there was no difference between the two groups on depth of inhaling. Which of the following is a correct conclusion? a. electric shock has no effect on depth of inhalation.
b. the study is confounded by attrition.
c. the study is confounded by selection bias.
d. the study was confounded by regression artifact.

The one that demonstrates a correct conclusion would be as follows:

d). the study was confounded by regression artifact.

A conclusion is described as a final judgment or outcome that is made post an argument.

As per the details provided in the excerpt, the correct conclusion is that the study was amazed through the artifact of degeneration.

The other conclusions are incorrect as there is an impact by electric shock, attrition is not involved to control the groups, and the possibility of bias turns incorrect as the samples have opted randomly.

Thus, option d is the correct answer.

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d. the study was confounded by regression artifact

Explanation:

When the individuals in the group that received shocks left their hopes, the relationship between the two groups was incorrect, creating a false result, since the two groups are no longer alike and it is not possible to control them in the same way, so the result between the two groups will be statistically different, promoting an incorrect conclusion.