I make certain that workers in my plant have the appropriate training and tools to do their job well. According to expectancy theory, I am emphasizing: a. the effort-performance expectancy of my workers
b. the performance-outcome expectancy of my workers
c. the valence of the work
d. the behavioral control my workers have

Not all members of the radio audience of orson welles' war of the worlds broadcast panicked immediately. indeed, some didn't panic until they looked out of the window and saw empty streets; others didn't panic until they saw streets full of traffic. it was after checking out the situation that these citizens decided that the martians had indeed invaded earth. this example illustrates that contagion can result when people look to others for the interpretation of ambiguous situations . can result when cultural norms reinforce people's most likely responses. occurs primarily because humans are by nature irrational creatures. is especially likely when people are motivated to make independent decisions.