List the four theories about what was seen on Dimmesdale's chest on the scaffold and how it came to be there

In the final scaffold scene, some people do not see the letter "A" on Dimmesdale's chest at all. So, for them, it never existed. For those that did see it, some surmise that Dimmesdale had put it there himself, others that Chillingworth's medicine had somehow caused the "A" to emerge. Others suggested it was God's mark of sin. The most likely theory is that Dimmesdale put it there in order to punish himself. Chillingworth had discovered the "A" there earlier and seemed surprised and it is doubtful that any medicine would mark a person with a specific letter.

chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. the final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the educational research institute.