Why does Timbuktu deserve the title of the “Islamic Capital of Africa?” Describe the role of Timbuktu in the development of Islam in Africa during the period 1300-1550. How did Timbuktu’s presence as a trade center influence the spread of Islam in Africa? How did the role of education in Timbuktu influence the spread of Islam in Africa? Include details and examples to support your answer.

In writing about her findings in a brazilian shantytown, nancy scheper-hughes’s account of alto do cruzeiro provides a window into the terrible toll of nonconsensual organ harvesting among the poor, as well as how she herself changed over time. how might an anthropologist justify the publication of this ethnographic research when considering the problem of ethnographic authority? a. all of the poor must be given an equal voice, thus polyvocality is justification. b. anthropologists are themselves changed in fieldwork, and so honest reflexivity is justification. c. the horrific conditions made it impossible to ignore, and since she obtained informed consent, this is justification. d. authoritative writing asks us to consider what right we have to report, thus a moral challenge is justification.