How did Hamilton’s economic proposals benefit bond speculators?
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Explanation:

Hamilton's plan called for the government to repay both federal and state debts. ... During the Revolution, the government had issued bonds to soldiers and citizens who supplied goods. Many of these bondholders were desperate and needed cash to survive. So, they sold their bonds to speculators.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.