The University refused to give him permission to travel since it did not want to encourage Columbus persuaded Queen to give him three ships: the , the , and the .

Sailing & Navigation

Columbus navigated by the stars using an .

The most precious commodity on board ship was .

The Doldrums or was a very dangerous area for the ships to pass through because it meant the sailors were using food and water but not getting closer to their destination.

The ships measured their speed by

A sign of approaching land was the that collected around the ship.

When ships approached a harbour or coastline they had to measure the of the water in case they ran aground.

When Columbus landed, he .

Relations between the Spanish & Indians