With the defeat and abdication of napoleon, france returned to a

Monarchy

Explanation:

As the European powers neighboring with France (and England) mostly were dynasties, they still wanted a return to the past in France, where absolute monarchies were notable. The Russian Tzars were also willing to support conservative royal houses as France had endangered the interests of other monarchies like the Habsburgs.

France underwent a period of enormous social revolts and instability, often challenging the promised benefits of Illustration and Englightment.

The time of turmoil was most present as the promise of a better quality of life and the premise that reason would guide politics and economy came challenged. Europe, in general, preferred a turning back to the old ways as the revolutionary ideas posed radical changes. The royal houses organized to secure the long tradition of power in Europe restoring monarchy.

answer:   c.

it was not against the chinese government.

explanation:

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