In a study that is mentioned in the lecture, scuba divers learned lists of words while they were either on a beach or under water. When tested for retention of those words, the divers did better recalling the words learned if they did so while they were

under water, when the words had been learned under water

Explanation:

They did better recalling the words learned if they did so while they were under water, when the words had been learned under water. This is because when learning something many different and subtle queues/stimuli from the environment become associated with what is being learned. This therefore causes those repeated stimuli trigger what was being learned at that time as a memory, thus allowing the individual to better recall it.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)