Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism?

Rule utilitarianism is a particular doctrine in Ethics. According to it, every action must be judged on the basis of a rule, which in turn is judged on the criterion of utility: the balance of desirable and undesirable consequences caused by the observance of the rule, or its usefulness. According to it, there are certain rules which, if perfectly observed, will maximize utility and therefore apply or, according to certain versions, are even true. But even if the rule is not perfectly observed, the rule's existence as a social norm can produce a situation that has better consequences than a situation where the rule is not a de facto social norm.

chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. the final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the educational research institute.