Marcel is 21 years old and has never gone on a date. His parents are concerned and take him to see a therapist. The therapist tells Marcel to lie down on the couch and relax. The therapist sits behind Marcel and asks him to say whatever comes into his head. Marcel eventually talks about his fear of women, which leads him to think about his early experiences with women: his mother, her friends, his teachers, and so on. Marcel is using .

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. at the trial, donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. he admits that they would drink and use drugs together. one night while partying, donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. the jury convicted donald of manslaughter. who would argue that donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will? a. a rational choice theorist b. a critical criminologist c. a conflict theorist d. a positivist